Treatment of non-muscle invasive bladder cancer with Bacillus Calmette–Guerin (BCG): Biological markers and simulation studies

AbstractIntravesical Bacillus Calmette–Guerin (BCG) vaccine is the preferred first line treatment for non-muscle invasive bladder carcinoma (NMIBC) in order to prevent recurrence and progression of cancer. There is ongoing need for the rational selection of i) BCG dose, ii) frequency of BCG administration along with iii) synergistic adjuvant therapy and iv) a reliable set of biochemical markers relevant to tumor response. In this review we evaluate cellular and molecular markers pertinent to the immunological response triggered by the BCG instillation and respective mathematical models of the treatment. Specific examples of markers include diverse immune cells, genetic polymorphisms, miRNAs, epigenetics, immunohistochemistry and molecular biology ‘beacons’ as exemplified by cell surface proteins, cytokines, signaling proteins and enzymes. We identified tumor associated macrophages (TAMs), human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I, a combination of Ki-67/CK20, IL-2, IL-8 and IL-6/IL-10 ratio as the most promising markers for both pre-BCG and post-BCG treatment suitable for the simulation studies.The intricate and patient-specific nature of these data warrants the use of powerful multi-parametral mathematical methods in combination with molecular/cellular biology insight and clinical input

Assessment of investment projects on the basis of production efficiency

Methodologically, the recommended investment project (IP) selection system is distinguished from one in force by: new conception allowing for time factor; evaluating IP efficiency by eventual reproduction results, not by intermediate investment activity results (included is a generalized production efficiency indicator); separation of conditions / indicators adequate for a market economy in transition and an advanced (stable) one; allowing for differences between enterprises’ (entrepreneurs’) and investors’ economic interests. The make-up of assessment standards was extended by tasks to be solved. An enterprise’s highly competitive position after IP realization when the best analogue sales profitability is achieved was taken as the investment success criterion

О мере и формах государственного участия

Analysis of the economic activity in the pre-crisis period of 2000-2008. shows a steady decrease in the efficiency of actual production in Russia. Many businesses come to a threshold of bankruptcy: the profitability and financial strength are low, their products are not competitive, sources of development, they have not. The crisis has shown wrong economic policy, based solely on faith in the market. Russia needs a new model of social and economic development, adequate to innovative modernization. The question comes down to what should be the involvement of the state in the economy. Proponents of the market deny such participation. However, the anti-crisis measures in all countries, based on the state regulation of the process of pulling the economy out of crisis. The market itself is powerless to do so. Leaders and the public developed countries and Russia have come to believe that the participation of the state in regulating the economy is necessary, and the only question is the extent and forms of participation

The phased approach to time value of money in economic analysis of investment projects

Method discounting cash flow (DCF) is analyzed in the article. Article is demonstrating complete economic insolvency DCF. The fallacy of discounting method causes serious distortion of the results. It’s wide usage entails negative consequences not only for the concrete investor, but also for the economy on the whole. The new method of the phased approach to time value of money in economic analysis of investment is represented in our article. The recommended phased method of allowing for the time factor is distinguished by: • reducing investment projects’ (IP) cash flow to two evaluation aspects: investments by investment stage completion and cash flow by maintenance completion; • allowing for investment stage fund freezing; • exchange of discount factors for the financial market’s capital accrual rate. To test operability of allowing for the time factor in modeling IP economic flows, banks’ feasibility study of credit repayment was used

О мере и формах государственного участия

Analysis of the economic activity in the pre-crisis period of 2000-2008. shows a steady decrease in the efficiency of actual production in Russia. Many businesses come to a threshold of bankruptcy: the profitability and financial strength are low, their products are not competitive, sources of development, they have not. The crisis has shown wrong economic policy, based solely on faith in the market. Russia needs a new model of social and economic development, adequate to innovative modernization. The question comes down to what should be the involvement of the state in the economy. Proponents of the market deny such participation. However, the anti-crisis measures in all countries, based on the state regulation of the process of pulling the economy out of crisis. The market itself is powerless to do so. Leaders and the public developed countries and Russia have come to believe that the participation of the state in regulating the economy is necessary, and the only question is the extent and forms of participation

Основы новой стратегии, модели и политики неоиндустриальной реконструкции

An investigation of conceptual problems of market relations in Russia has enabled the authors to determine an out line of a new development model, strategies of economics policy and starting institutional reorganization minimum measures, which provide the development of proper programs for the implementation of the strategy

Основы новой стратегии, модели и политики неоиндустриальной реконструкции

An investigation of conceptual problems of market relations in Russia has enabled the authors to determine an out line of a new development model, strategies of economics policy and starting institutional reorganization minimum measures, which provide the development of proper programs for the implementation of the strategy

Об управлении экономическим ростом и развитием

The purpose of social-economic development is defined by the country leaders accurately and clearly: by 2020 Russia must be included in a set of the most developed countries. Naturally, with the present rates of economic growth and lots of crisis problems of economy it can't be reached, and the cause is not suddenly burst world crisis. The authors, investigating this matter, reveal the essence of the difficulties and omissions

Об управлении экономическим ростом и развитием

The purpose of social-economic development is defined by the country leaders accurately and clearly: by 2020 Russia must be included in a set of the most developed countries. Naturally, with the present rates of economic growth and lots of crisis problems of economy it can't be reached, and the cause is not suddenly burst world crisis. The authors, investigating this matter, reveal the essence of the difficulties and omissions

О неоиндустриальной модели и стратегии развития экономики

The Russian Government remains committed to the resource model. Every year more and more difficult to meet the country's needs for material wealth at the expense of resource revenues. The biggest debate is to validate the measures and forms of government involvement in the economy. The results of analysis of official economic strategy of the «Strategy 2020» lead to the conclusion that based on the resource model of the problem of economic development of Russia is practically not solve. Meanwhile, other strategic approaches are fundamentally similar as to how to overcome the dependence on natural resources. They differ only in the forms and methods of the maneuver. Economic policy criticized by supporters of the two new paradigms of modern development. This is the paradigm of technological structures and the paradigm of the new industrialization. These paradigms are summarized, in fact, in one paradigm - neoindustrial structure. The strategy should include a set of priority measures. Analysis of the data allows to ascertain the achievement of a critical threshold of substitution of labor income in the federal budget of Russia and the country's GDP, revenues from natural resources. We believe that the first measures should be innovative reconstruction of the material and technical base of domestic enterprises. Our program is intended to strengthen the state's presence in important areas of development. The state should not be limited overall coordination of the economy, evolving under the influence of market forces. The program of reconstruction of the economy should include six interconnected blocks. Innovative renovation will increase the competitiveness of the economy, will ensure the sustainability of the state budget. Russia will come out on the path of excellence - neo-industrial, knowledge-based, innovation